Nginx rewrite正则匹配重写的方法示例

Nginx的rewrite功能支持正则匹配重写,即将URL地址临时或永久重新指向某个新的位置,类似于重定向。这个特性有利用当网站结构做出重大调整,如之前的网站mp3资源使用URL为www.site1.org/mp3进行访问,而现在服务器上mp3目录已经被使用music目录替换,那rewrite这个功能则能够轻松实现。其次如可以将site1.org强制调整到www.site1.org,反之亦可。这个指令位于ngx_http_rewrite_module模块。本文主要描述这个指令的用法并给出演示。

一、rewrite指令语法描述

句法: rewrite regex replacement [flag];
默认: -
语境: server,location,if

如果指定的正则表达式与请求URI匹配,则URI将按照replacement字符串中的指定进行更改。
该rewrite指令在其在配置文件中出现的顺序顺序地执行。可以使用标志终止对伪指令的进一步处理。
如果替换字符串以“ http://”,“ https://”或“ $scheme” 开头,则处理停止,并将重定向返回给客户端。

flag标志的作用是用于控制当匹配到对应的rewrite规则后是否继续检查后续的rewrite规则
可选flag参数可以是以下之一:

last
一旦被当前规则匹配并重写后立即停止检查后续的其它rewrite的规则,而后通过重写后的规则重新发起请求;

break
一旦被当前规则匹配并重写后立即停止后续的其它rewrite的规则,而后继续由nginx进行后续操作;

redirect
如果替换字符串不以“ http://”,“ https://”或“ $scheme” 开头,则使用,返回302临时重定向;

permanent
返回301永久重定向;

注意:一般将rewrite写在location中时都使用break标志,或者将rewrite写在if上下文中;

其他指令

rewrite_log on|off
是否把重写过程记录在错误日志中;默认为notice级别;默认为off;

return code:
用于结束rewrite规则,并且为客户返回状态码;可以使用的状态码有204, 400, 402-406, 500-504等;

二、基于location上下文rewrite功能演示

  本机环境   # more /etc/redhat-release   CentOS Linux release 7.2.1511 (Core)   # nginx -v   nginx version: nginx/1.12.2    配置nginx   # vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/rewrite.conf   server {    listen 80;    server_name site1.orag www.site1.org;      location / {      root /www/site1.org;      index index.html index.htm;    }   }     # mkdir -pv /www/site1.org/images   # echo "This is a rewrite test page.">/www/site1.org/index.html   # cp /usr/share/backgrounds/gnome/*.jpg /www/site1.org/images/     # vim /etc/hosts   192.168.1.175 site1.org   192.168.1.175 www.site1.org     # curl http://www.site1.org   This is a rewrite test page.     # curl -I http://www.site1.org/images/Waves.jpg   HTTP/1.1 200 OK   Server: nginx/1.12.2   Date: Wed, 01 Nov 2017 03:47:58 GMT   Content-Type: image/jpeg   Content-Length: 458818   Last-Modified: Wed, 01 Nov 2017 03:43:48 GMT   Connection: keep-alive   ETag: "59f942f4-70042"   Accept-Ranges: bytes    修改rewrite.conf文件,添加rewrite指令   location / {    root /www/site1.org;    index index.html index.htm;    rewrite ^/images/(.*)$ /imgs/$1 last;   }     # systemctl reload nginx     # curl -I http://www.site1.org/images/Waves.jpg   HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found   Server: nginx/1.12.2   Date: Wed, 01 Nov 2017 04:02:38 GMT   Content-Type: text/html   Content-Length: 169   Connection: keep-alive     # mkdir -pv /www/site1.org/imgs     # mv /www/site1.org/images/Waves.jpg /www/site1.org/imgs/.   # curl -I http://www.site1.org/images/Waves.jpg   HTTP/1.1 200 OK   Server: nginx/1.12.2   Date: Wed, 01 Nov 2017 04:05:07 GMT   Content-Type: image/jpeg   Content-Length: 458818   Last-Modified: Wed, 01 Nov 2017 03:43:48 GMT   Connection: keep-alive   ETag: "59f942f4-70042"   Accept-Ranges: bytes     # curl -I http://www.site1.org/imgs/Waves.jpg ##这种方式可以访问   HTTP/1.1 200 OK   Server: nginx/1.12.2   Date: Wed, 01 Nov 2017 04:06:17 GMT   Content-Type: image/jpeg   Content-Length: 458818   Last-Modified: Wed, 01 Nov 2017 03:43:48 GMT   Connection: keep-alive   ETag: "59f942f4-70042"   Accept-Ranges: bytes    模拟rewrite导致的http 500错误  再次对rewrite.conf文件做如下修改,     location / {    root /www/site1.org;    index index.html index.htm;    rewrite ^/images/(.*)$ /imgs/$1 last;    rewrite ^/imgs/(.*)$ /images/$1 ;   }     # systemctl restart nginx   # curl -I http://www.site1.org/imgs/Waves.jpg   HTTP/1.1 500 Internal Server Error   Server: nginx/1.12.2   Date: Wed, 01 Nov 2017 05:23:16 GMT   Content-Type: text/html   Content-Length: 193   Connection: close     # curl -I http://www.site1.org/images/Waves.jpg   HTTP/1.1 500 Internal Server Error   Server: nginx/1.12.2   Date: Wed, 01 Nov 2017 05:23:28 GMT   Content-Type: text/html   Content-Length: 193   Connection: close    通过上述的测试可知,出现了死循环导致的500错误。  Nginx官方给出的参考样例:   server {    ... ##rewrite指令位于server上下文   rewrite ^(/download/.*)/media/(.*)..*$ $1/mp3/$2.mp3 last;   ##将/download目录中包含media目录下的任意文件请求重定向为donwload/任意/mp3/任意.mp3     rewrite ^(/download/.*)/audio/(.*)..*$ $1/mp3/$2.ra last;   ##将/download目录中包含audio目录下的任意文件请求重定向为donwload/任意/mp3/任意.mp3     return 403;    ...   }     location /download/ { ##rewrite指令位于location上下文   rewrite ^(/download/.*)/media/(.*)..*$ $1/mp3/$2.mp3 break;   ##该last标志应该被替换 break,否则nginx将使10个周期返回500个错误   rewrite ^(/download/.*)/audio/(.*)..*$ $1/mp3/$2.ra break;   return 403;   }

三、基于if条件判断rewrite功能演示

   # vi /etc/nginx/conf.d/rewrite.conf    server {      listen 80;      server_name site1.orag www.site1.org;       if ($host != 'www.site1.org' ) {       rewrite ^/(.*)$ http://www.site1.org/$1 permanent;      }      location / { ##Author : Leshami      root /www/site1.org; ##Blog : http://blog.csdn.net/leshami      index index.html index.htm;      rewrite ^/images/(.*)$ /imgs/$1 last;      rewrite ^/imgs/(.*)$ /images/$1 ;    }   }     # systemctl reload nginx.service    本地测试(修改本地host文件)   # curl http://site1.org   <html> ##返回301状态码   <head><title>301 Moved Permanently</title></head>   <body bgcolor="white">   <center><h1>301 Moved Permanently</h1></center>   <hr><center>nginx/1.12.2</center>   </body>   </html>    Windows环境测试  通过修改Windows机器Host文件后,添加如下条目   192.168.1.175 centos7-router.com   192.168.1.175 www.centos7-router.com    打开浏览器,通过域名的方式进行访问http://site1.org会自动跳转到http://www.site1.org(演示略)  

四、将http重写至https

在非全站https时,对于有些敏感的数据需有走https,那也可以通过rewrite方式实现

如下示例,假定https://www.site1.org/user目录下包含敏感信息,按可按如下方式rewrite

   location ^~ /user {   rewrite ^/ https://www.site1.org$request_uri? permanent;   }    全站https   server {    listen 80;    server_name site1.orag www.site1.org;    access_log /var/log/nginx/http-access.log;    error_log /var/log/nginx/http-error.log;      rewrite ^/ https://www.site1.org$request_uri;   }    上述演示略    

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